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Each x is a 16-bit section that can be represented using up to four hexadecimal digits, with the sections separated by colons (Cisco Press, 2017).

Every hexadecimal digit can represent four bits. IPv6 addresses are divided into eight groups that each contain four hexadecimal digits. This larger address space gives IPv4 the capability of providing exponentially more addresses than IPv4 (3.4 undecillion addresses) (Kralicek, 2016). Replaces IPv4, solved the address exhaustion problem by using 128-bit address space instead of the 32-bit address space of IPv4. The need for IPv6 was driven by the expectation that the approximately 4.3 billion address capacity of IPv4 would be exhausted because of the ever-increasing number of devices that require addresses. The development of IPv6 came in the 1990s.

Small organizations, businesses, and home offices use Class C network addresses (Panek, 2020). Mid-sized companies and organizations use Class B network addresses. Large organizations such as governments, large universities, large businesses, and large Internet Service Providers use Class A network addresses. There are five classes, but only three are commonly used by hosts on networks. IPv4 is considered a classful network architecture. Each of the four numbers can have a value that ranges from 0 to 255. The 32-bit numbers contain four digits separated by periods, as shown in the example above. IPv4 addresses consist of 32-bit numeric characters providing the capability of about 4.3 billion different combinations of numbers. DNS has evolved to become a worldwide network of databases that resolves IP addresses to support internet traffic. There is often the need to remember dozens of web addresses, so DNS is essential. For humans, the hostname of is easier to remember than the IPv4 address. One of the IPv4 addresses that are associated with is 205.251.242.103. It is much easier for users to remember hostnames that usually consist of easily remembered words. Without DNS, the user would be required to navigate the Internet using numeric (IPv4) or hexadecimal IP (IPv6) addresses. DNS is an essential component of the Internet because this IP conversion creates a much more user-friendly experience. A primary purpose of DNS is to translate IP addresses into hostnames (alphabetic names) inside a local network and vice versa (Kralicek, 2016). DNS is the acronym used for Domain Name System.